The history and future roadmap of the AWS CloudFormation Registry

Posted on by Mark FeehilyComments Off on The history and future roadmap of the AWS CloudFormation Registry

AWS CloudFormation is an Infrastructure as Code (IaC) service that allows you to model your cloud resources in template files that can be authored or generated in a variety of languages. You can manage stacks that deploy those resources via the AWS Management Console, the AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI), or the API. CloudFormation helps customers to quickly and consistently deploy and manage cloud resources, but like all IaC tools, it faced challenges keeping up with the rapid pace of innovation of AWS services. In this post, we will review the history of the CloudFormation registry, which is the result of a strategy we developed to address scaling and standardization, as well as integration with other leading IaC tools and partner products. We will also give an update on the current state of CloudFormation resource coverage and review the future state, which has a goal of keeping CloudFormation and other IaC tools up to date with the latest AWS services and features.

History

The CloudFormation service was first announced in February of 2011, with sample templates that showed how to deploy common applications like blogs and wikis. At launch, CloudFormation supported 13 out of 15 available AWS services with 48 total resource types. At first, resource coverage was tightly coupled to the core CloudFormation engine, and all development on those resources was done by the CloudFormation team itself. Over the past decade, AWS has grown at a rapid pace, and there are currently 200+ services in total. A challenge over the years has been the coverage gap between what was possible for a customer to achieve using AWS services, and what was possible to define in a CloudFormation template.

It became obvious that we needed a change in strategy to scale resource development in a way that could keep up with the rapid pace of innovation set by hundreds of service teams delivering new features on a daily basis. Over the last decade, our pace of innovation has increased nearly 40-fold, with 80 significant new features launched in 2011 versus more than 3,000 in 2021. Since CloudFormation was a key adoption driver (or blocker) for new AWS services, those teams needed a way to create and manage their own resources. The goal was to enable day one support of new services at the time of launch with complete CloudFormation resource coverage.

In 2016, we launched an internal self-service platform that allowed service teams to control their own resources. This began to solve the scaling problems inherent in the prior model where the core CloudFormation team had to do all the work themselves. The benefits went beyond simply distributing developer effort, as the service teams have deep domain knowledge on their products, which allowed them to create more effective IaC components. However, as we developed resources on this model, we realized that additional design features were needed, such as standardization that could enable automatic support for features like drift detection and resource imports.

We embarked on a new project to address these concerns, with the goal of improving the internal developer experience as well as providing a public registry where customers could use the same programming model to define their own resource types. We realized that it wasn’t enough to simply make the new model available—we had to evangelize it with a training campaign, conduct engineering boot-camps, build better tooling like dashboards and deployment pipeline templates, and produce comprehensive on-boarding documentation. Most importantly, we made CloudFormation support a required item on the feature launch checklist for new services, a requirement that goes beyond documentation and is built into internal release tooling (exceptions to this requirement are rare as training and awareness around the registry have improved over time). This was a prime example of one of the maxims we repeat often at Amazon: good mechanisms are better than good intentions.

In 2019, we made this new functionality available to customers when we announced the CloudFormation registry, a capability that allowed developers to create and manage private resource types. We followed up in 2021 with the public registry where third parties, such as partners in the AWS Partner Network (APN), can publish extensions. The open source resource model that customers and partners use to publish third-party registry extensions is the same model used by AWS service teams to provide CloudFormation support for their features.

Once a service team on-boards their resources to the new resource model and builds the expected Create, Read, Update, Delete, and List (CRUDL) handlers, managed experiences like drift detection and resource import are all supported with no additional development effort. One recent example of day-1 CloudFormation support for a popular new feature was Lambda Function URLs, which offered a built-in HTTPS endpoint for single-function micro-services. We also migrated the Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS) Database Instance resource (AWS::RDS::DBInstance) to the new resource model in September 2022, and within a month, Amazon RDS delivered support for Amazon Aurora Serverless v2 in CloudFormation. This accelerated delivery is possible because teams can now publish independently by taking advantage of the de-centralized Registry ownership model.

Current State

We are building out future innovations for the CloudFormation service on top of this new standardized resource model so that customers can benefit from a consistent implementation of event handlers. We built AWS Cloud Control API on top of this new resource model. Cloud Control API takes the Create-Read-Update-Delete-List (CRUDL) handlers written for the new resource model and makes them available as a consistent API for provisioning resources. APN partner products such as HashiCorp Terraform, Pulumi, and Red Hat Ansible use Cloud Control API to stay in sync with AWS service launches without recurring development effort.

Figure 1. Cloud Control API Resource Handler Diagram

Besides 3rd party application support, the public registry can also be used by the developer community to create useful extensions on top of AWS services. A common solution to extending the capabilities of CloudFormation resources is to write a custom resource, which generally involves inline AWS Lambda function code that runs in response to CREATE, UPDATE, and DELETE signals during stack operations. Some of those use cases can now be solved by writing a registry extension resource type instead. For more information on custom resources and resource types, and the differences between the two, see Managing resources using AWS CloudFormation Resource Types.

CloudFormation Registry modules, which are building blocks authored in JSON or YAML, give customers a way to replace fragile copy-paste template reuse with template snippets that are published in the registry and consumed as if they were resource types. Best practices can be encapsulated and shared across an organization, which allows infrastructure developers to easily adhere to those best practices using modular components that abstract away the intricate details of resource configuration.

CloudFormation Registry hooks give security and compliance teams a vital tool to validate stack deployments before any resources are created, modified, or deleted. An infrastructure team can activate hooks in an account to ensure that stack deployments cannot avoid or suppress preventative controls implemented in hook handlers. Provisioning tools that are strictly client-side do not have this level of enforcement.

A useful by-product of publishing a resource type to the public registry is that you get automatic support for the AWS Cloud Development Kit (CDK) via an experimental open source repository on GitHub called cdk-cloudformation. In large organizations it is typical to see a mix of CloudFormation deployments using declarative templates and deployments that make use of the CDK in languages like TypeScript and Python. By publishing re-usable resource types to the registry, all of your developers can benefit from higher level abstractions, regardless of the tool they choose to create and deploy their applications. (Note that this project is still considered a developer preview and is subject to change)

If you want to see if a given CloudFormation resource is on the new registry model or not, check if the provisioning type is either Fully Mutable or Immutable by invoking the DescribeType API and inspecting the ProvisioningType response element.

Here is a sample CLI command that gets a description for the AWS::Lambda::Function resource, which is on the new registry model.

$ aws cloudformation describe-type –type RESOURCE
–type-name AWS::Lambda::Function | grep ProvisioningType

“ProvisioningType”: “FULLY_MUTABLE”,

The difference between FULLY_MUTABLE and IMMUTABLE is the presence of the Update handler. FULLY_MUTABLE types includes an update handler to process updates to the type during stack update operations. Whereas, IMMUTABLE types do not include an update handler, so the type can’t be updated and must instead be replaced during stack update operations. Legacy resource types will be NON_PROVISIONABLE.

Opportunities for improvement

As we continue to strive towards our ultimate goal of achieving full feature coverage and a complete migration away from the legacy resource model, we are constantly identifying opportunities for improvement. We are currently addressing feature gaps in supported resources, such as tagging support for EC2 VPC Endpoints and boosting coverage for resource types to support drift detection, resource import, and Cloud Control API. We have fully migrated more than 130 resources, and acknowledge that there are many left to go, and the migration has taken longer than we initially anticipated. Our top priority is to maintain the stability of existing stacks—we simply cannot break backwards compatibility in the interest of meeting a deadline, so we are being careful and deliberate. One of the big benefits of a server-side provisioning engine like CloudFormation is operational stability—no matter how long ago you deployed a stack, any future modifications to it will work without needing to worry about upgrading client libraries. We remain committed to streamlining the migration process for service teams and making it as easy and efficient as possible.

The developer experience for creating registry extensions has some rough edges, particularly for languages other than Java, which is the language of choice on AWS service teams for their resource types. It needs to be easier to author schemas, write handler functions, and test the code to make sure it performs as expected. We are devoting more resources to the maintenance of the CLI and plugins for Python, Typescript, and Go. Our response times to issues and pull requests in these and other repositories in the aws-cloudformation GitHub organization have not been as fast as they should be, and we are making improvements. One example is the cloudformation-cli repository, where we have merged more than 30 pull requests since October of 2022.

To keep up with progress on resource coverage, check out the CloudFormation Coverage Roadmap, a GitHub project where we catalog all of the open issues to be resolved. You can submit bug reports and feature requests related to resource coverage in this repository and keep tabs on the status of open requests. One of the steps we took recently to improve responses to feature requests and bugs reported on GitHub is to create a system that converts GitHub issues into tickets in our internal issue tracker. These tickets go directly to the responsible service teams—an example is the Amazon RDS resource provider, which has hundreds of merged pull requests.

We have recently announced a new GitHub repository called community-registry-extensions where we are managing a namespace for public registry extensions. You can submit and discuss new ideas for extensions and contribute to any of the related projects. We handle the testing, validation, and deployment of all resources under the AwsCommunity:: namespace, which can be activated in any AWS account for use in your own templates.

To get started with the CloudFormation registry, visit the user guide, and then dive in to the detailed developer guide for information on how to use the CloudFormation Command Line Interface (CFN-CLI) to write your own resource types, modules, and hooks.

We recently created a new Discord server dedicated to CloudFormation. Please join us to ask questions, discuss best practices, provide feedback, or just hang out! We look forward to seeing you there.

Conclusion

In this post, we hope you gained some insights into the history of the CloudFormation registry, and the design decisions that were made during our evolution towards a standardized, scalable model for resource development that can be shared by AWS service teams, customers, and APN partners. Some of the lessons that we learned along the way might be applicable to complex design initiatives at your own company. We hope to see you on Discord and GitHub as we build out a rich set of registry resources together!

About the authors:

Eric Beard

Eric is a Solutions Architect at Amazon Web Services in Seattle, Washington, where he leads the field specialist group for Infrastructure as Code. His technology career spans two decades, preceded by service in the United States Marine Corps as a Russian interpreter and arms control inspector.

Rahul Sharma

Rahul is a Senior Product Manager-Technical at Amazon Web Services with over two years of product management spanning AWS CloudFormation and AWS Cloud Control API.

Announcing General Availability of Amazon CodeCatalyst

Posted on by Mark FeehilyComments Off on Announcing General Availability of Amazon CodeCatalyst

We are pleased to announce that Amazon CodeCatalyst is now generally available. CodeCatalyst is a unified software development service that brings together everything teams need to get started planning, coding, building, testing, and deploying applications on AWS. CodeCatalyst was designed to make it easier for developers to spend more time developing application features and less time setting up project tools, creating and managing continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipelines, provisioning and configuring various development and deployment environments, and onboarding project collaborators. You can learn more and get started building in minutes on the AWS Free Tier at the CodeCatalyst website.

Launched in preview at AWS re:Invent in December 2022, CodeCatalyst provides an easy way for professional developers to build and deploy applications on AWS. We built CodeCatalyst based on feedback we received from customers looking for a more streamlined way to build using DevOps best practices. They want a complete software development service that lets them start new projects more quickly and gives them confidence that it will continue delivering a great long term experience throughout their application’s lifecycle.

Do more of what you love, and less of what you don’t

Starting a new project is an exciting time of imagining the possibilities: what can you build and how can you enable your end users to do something that wasn’t possible before? However, the joy of creating something new can also come with anxiety about all of the decisions to be made about tooling and integrations. Once your project is in production, managing tools and wrangling project collaborators can take your focus away from being creative and doing your best work. If you are spending too much time keeping brittle pipelines running and your teammates are constantly struggling with tooling, the day to day experience of building new features can start to feel less than joyful.

That is where CodeCatalyst comes in. It isn’t just about developer productivity – it is about helping developers and teams spend more time using the tools they are most comfortable with. Teams deliver better, more impactful outcomes to customers when they have more freedom to focus on their highest-value work and have to concern themselves less with activities that feel like roadblocks. Everything we do stems from that premise, and today’s launch marks a major milestone in helping to enable developers to have a better DevOps experience on AWS.

How CodeCatalyst delivers a great experience

There are four foundational elements of CodeCatalyst that are designed to help minimize distraction and maximize joy in the software development process: blueprints for quick project creation, actions-based CI/CD automation for managing day-to-day software lifecycle tasks, remote Dev Environments for a consistent build experience, and project and issue management for a more streamlined team collaboration.

Blueprints get you started quickly. CodeCatalyst blueprints set up an application code repository (complete with a working sample app), define cloud infrastructure, and run pre-configured CI/CD workflows for your project. Blueprints bring together the elements that are necessary both to begin a new project and deploy it into production. Blueprints can help to significantly reduce the time it takes to set up a new project. They are built by AWS for many use cases, and you can configure them with the programming languages and frameworks that you need both for your application and the underlying infrastructure-as-code. When it comes to incorporating existing tools like Jira or GitHub, CodeCatalyst has extensions that you can use to integrate them into your projects from the beginning without a lot of extra effort. Learn more about blueprints.

“CodeCatalyst helps us spend more time refining our customers’ build, test, and deploy workflows instead of implementing the underlying toolchains,” said Sean Bratcher, CEO of Buildstr. “The tight integration with AWS CDK means that definitions for infrastructure, environments, and configs live alongside the applications themselves as first-class code. This helps reduce friction when integrating with customers’ broader deployment approach.”

Actions-based CI/CD workflows take the pain out of pipeline management. CI/CD workflows in CodeCatalyst run on flexible, managed infrastructure. When you create a project with a blueprint, it comes with a complete CI/CD pipeline composed of actions from the included actions library. You can modify these pipelines with an action from the library or you can use any GitHub Action directly in the project to edit existing pipelines or build new ones from scratch. CodeCatalyst makes composing these actions into pipelines easier: you can switch back and forth between a text-based editor for declaring which actions you want to use through YAML and a visual drag-and-drop pipeline editor. Updating CI/CD workflows with new capabilities is a matter of incorporating new actions. Having CodeCatalyst create pipelines for you, based on your intent, means that you get the benefits of CI/CD automation without the ongoing pain of maintaining disparate tools.

“We needed a streamlined way within AWS to rapidly iterate development of our Reading Partners Connects e-learning platform while maintaining the highest possible quality standards,” said Yaseer Khanani, Senior Product Manager at Reading Partners. “CodeCatalyst’s built-in CI/CD workflows make it easy to efficiently deploy code and conduct testing across a distributed team.”

Automated dev environments make consistency achievable A big friction point for developers collaborating on a software project is getting everyone on the same set of dependencies and settings in their local machines, and ensuring that all other environments from test to staging to production are also consistent. To help address this, CodeCatalyst has Dev Environments that are hosted in the cloud. Dev Environments are defined using the devfile standard, ensuring that everyone working on a project gets a consistent and repeatable experience. Dev Environments connect to popular IDEs like AWS Cloud9, VS Code, and multiple JetBrains IDEs, giving you a local IDE feel while running in the cloud.

“Working closely with customers in the software developer education space, we value the reproducible and pre-configured environments Amazon CodeCatalyst provides for improving learning outcomes for new developers. CodeCatalyst allows you to personalize student experiences while providing facilitators with control over the entire experience.” said Tia Dubuisson, President of Belle Fleur Technologies.

Issue management and simplified team onboarding streamline collaboration. CodeCatalyst is designed to help provide the benefits of building in a unified software development service by making it easier to onboard and collaborate with teammates. It starts with the process of inviting new collaborators: you can invite people to work together on your project with their email address, bypassing the need for everyone to have an individual AWS account. Once they have access, collaborators can see the history and context of the project and can start contributing by creating a Dev Environment.

CodeCatalyst also has built-in issue management that is tied to your code repo, so that you can assign tasks such as code reviews and pull requests to teammates and help track progress using agile methodologies right in the service. As with the rest of CodeCatalyst, collaboration comes without the distraction of managing separate services with separate logins and disparate commercial agreements. Once you give a new teammate access, they can quickly start contributing.

New to CodeCatalyst since the Preview launch

Along with the announcement of general availability, we are excited to share a few new CodeCatalyst features. First, you can now create a new project from an existing GitHub repository. In addition, CodeCatalyst Dev Environments now support GitHub repositories allowing you to work on code stored in GitHub.

Second, CodeCatalyst Dev Environments now support Amazon CodeWhisperer. CodeWhisperer is an artificial intelligence (AI) coding companion that generates real-time code suggestions in your integrated development environment (IDE) to help you more quickly build software. CodeWhisperer is currently supported in CodeCatalyst Dev Environments using AWS Cloud 9 or Visual Studio Code.

Third, Amazon CodeCatalyst recently added support to run workflow actions using on-demand or pre-provisioned compute powered by AWS Graviton processors. AWS Graviton Processors are designed by AWS to deliver the best price performance for your cloud workloads running in Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2). Customers can use workflow actions running on AWS Graviton processors to build applications that target Arm architecture, create multi-architecture containers, and modernize legacy applications to help customers reduce costs.

Finally, the library of CodeCatalyst blueprints is continuously growing. The CodeCatalyst preview release included blueprints for common workloads like single-page web applications, serverless applications, and many others. In addition, we have recently added blueprints for Static Websites with Hugo and Jekyll, as well as Intelligent Document Processing workflows.

Learn more about CodeCatalyst at Developer Innovation Day

Next Wednesday, April 26th, we are hosting Developer Innovation Day, a free 7-hour virtual event that is all about helping developers and teams learn to be productive, and collaborate, from discovery to delivery to running software and building applications. Developers can discover how the breadth and depth of AWS tools and the right practices can unlock your team’s ability to find success and take opportunities from ideas to impact.

CodeCatalyst plays a big part in Developer Innovation Day, with five sessions designed to help you see real examples of how you can spend more time doing the work you love best! Get an overview of the service, see how to deploy a working static website in minutes, collaborating effectively with teammates, and more.

Try CodeCatalyst

Ready to try CodeCatalyst? You can get started on the AWS Free Tier today and quickly deploy a blueprint with working sample code. If you would like to learn more, you can read through a collection of DevOps blogs about CodeCatalyst or read the documentation. We can’t wait to see how you innovate with CodeCatalyst!

Managing Dev Environments with Amazon CodeCatalyst

Posted on by Mark FeehilyComments Off on Managing Dev Environments with Amazon CodeCatalyst

An Amazon CodeCatalyst Dev Environment is a cloud-based development environment that you can use in CodeCatalyst to quickly work on the code stored in the source repositories of your project. The project tools and application libraries included in your Dev Environment are defined by a devfile in the source repository of your project.

Introduction

In the previous CodeCatalyst post, Team Collaboration with Amazon CodeCatalyst, I focused on CodeCatalyst’s collaboration capabilities and how that related to The Unicorn Project’s main protaganist. At the beginning of Chapter 2, Maxine is struggling to configure her development environment. She is two days into her new job and still cannot build the application code. She has identified over 100 dependencies she is missing. The documentation is out of date and nobody seems to know where the dependencies are stored. I can sympathize with Maxine. In this post, I will focus on managing development environments to show how CodeCatalyst removes the burden of managing workload specific configurations and produces reliable on-demand development environments.

Prerequisites

If you would like to follow along with this walkthrough, you will need to:

Have an AWS Builder ID for signing in to CodeCatalyst.

Belong to a space and have the space administrator role assigned to you in that space. For more information, see Creating a space in CodeCatalyst, Managing members of your space, and Space administrator role.

Have an AWS account associated with your space and have the IAM role in that account. For more information about the role and role policy, see Creating a CodeCatalyst service role.

Walkthrough

As with the previous posts in our CodeCatalyst series, I am going to use the Modern Three-tier Web Application blueprint.  Blueprints provide sample code and CI/CD workflows to help make getting started easier across different combinations of programming languages and architectures. To follow along, you can re-use a project you created previously, or you can refer to a previous post that walks through creating a project using the blueprint.

One of the most difficult aspects of my time spent as a developer was finding ways to quickly contribute to a new project. Whenever I found myself working on a new project, getting to the point where I could meaningfully contribute to a project’s code base was always more difficult than writing the actual code. A major contributor to this inefficiency, was the lack of process managing my local development environment. I will be exploring how CodeCatalyst can help solve this challenge.  For this walkthrough, I want to add a new test that will allow local testing of Amazon DynamoDB. To achieve this, I will use a CodeCatalyst dev environment.

CodeCatalyst Dev Environments are managed cloud-based development environments that you can use to access and modify code stored in a source repository. You can launch a project specific dev environment that will automate check-out of your project’s repo or you can launch an empty environment to use for accessing third-party source providers.  You can learn more about CodeCatalyst Dev Environments in the CodeCatalyst User Guide.

Figure 1. Creating a new Dev Environment

To begin, I navigate to the Dev Environments page under the Code section of the navigaiton menu.  I then use the Create Dev Environment to launch my environment.  For this post, I am using the AWS Cloud9 IDE, but you can follow along with the IDE you are most comfortable using.  In the next screen, I select Work in New Branch and assign local_testing for the new branch name, and I am branching from main.  I leave the remaining default options and Create.

Figure 2. Dev Environment Create Options

After waiting less than a minute, my IDE is ready in a new tab and I am ready to begin work.  The first thing I see in my dev environment is an information window asking me if I want to navigate to the Dev Environment Settings.  Because I need to enable local testing of Dynamodb, not only for myself, but other developers that will collaborate on this project, I need to update the project’s devfile.  I select to navigate to the settings tab because I know that contains information on the project’s devfile and allows me to access the file to edit.

Figure 3. Toolkit Welcome Banner

Devfiles allow you to model a Dev Environment’s configuration and dependencies so that you can re-produce consisent Dev Environments and reduce the manual effort in setting up future environments.  The tools and application libraries included in your Dev Environment are defined by the devfile in the source repository of your project.  Since this project was created from a blueprint, there is one provided.  For blank projects, a default CodeCatalyst devfile is created when you first launch an environment.  To learn more about the devfile, see https://devfile.io.

In the settings tab, I find a link to the devfile that is configured.  When I click the edit button, a new file tab launches and I can now make changes.  I first add an env section to the container that hosts our dev environment.  By adding an environment variable and value, anytime a new dev environment is created from this project’s repository, that value will be included.  Next, I add a second container to the dev environment that will run DynamoDB locally.  I can do this by adding a new container component.  I use Amazon’s verified DynamoDB docker image for my environment. Attaching additional images allow you to extend the dev environment and include tools or services that can be made available locally.  My updates are highlighted in the green sections below.

Figure 4. Example Devfile

I save my changes and navigate back to the Dev Environment Settings tab. I notice that my changes were automatically detected and I am prompted to restart my development environment for the changes to take effect.  Modifications to the devfile requires a restart. You can restart a dev environment using the toolkit, or from the CodeCatalyst UI.

Figure 5. Dev Environment Settings

After waiting a few seconds for my dev environment to restart, I am ready to write my test.  I use the IDE’s file explorer, expand the repo’s ./tests/unit folder, and create a new file named test_dynamodb.py.  Using the IS_LOCAL environment variable I configured in the devfile, I can include a conditional in my test that sets the endpoint that Amazon’s python SDK ( Boto3 ) will use to connect to the Dynamodb service.  This way, I can run tests locally before pushing my changes and still have tests complete successfully in my project’s workflow.  My full test file is included below.

Figure 6. Dynamodb test file

Now that I have completed my changes to the dev environment using the devfile and added a test, I am ready to run my test locally to verify.  I will use pytest to ensure the tests are passing before pushing any changes.  From the repo’s root folder, I run the command pip install -r requirements-dev.txt.  Once my dependencies are installed, I then issue the command pytest -k unit.  All tests pass as I expect.

Figure 7. Pytest test results

Rather than manually installing my development dependencies in each environment, I could also use the devfile to include commands and automate the execution of those commands during the dev environment lifecycle events.  You can refer to the links for commands and events for more information.

Finally, I am ready to push my changes back to my CodeCatalyst source repository.  I use the git extension of Cloud9 to review my changes.  After reviewing my changes are what I expect, I use the git extension to stage, commit, and push the new test file and the modified devfile so other collaborators can adopt the improvements I made.

Figure 8.  Changes reviewed in CodeCatalyst Cloud9 git extension.

Cleanup

If you have been following along with this workflow, you  should delete the resources you deployed so you do not continue to incur  charges. First, delete the two stacks that CDK deployed using the AWS CloudFormation console in the AWS account you associated when you launched the blueprint. These stacks will have names like mysfitsXXXXXWebStack and mysfitsXXXXXAppStack. Second, delete the project from CodeCatalyst by navigating to Project settings and choosing Delete project.

Conclusion

In this post, you learned how CodeCatalyst provides configurable on-demand dev environments.  You also learned how devfiles help you define a consistent experience for developing within a CodeCatalyst project.  Please follow our DevOps blog channel as I continue to explore how CodeCatalyst solve Maxine’s and other builders’ challenges.

About the author:

Ryan Bachman

Ryan Bachman is a Sr. Specialist Solutions Architect at AWS, and specializes in working with customers to improve their DevOps practices. Ryan has over 20 years of professional experience as a technologist, and has held roles in many different domains to include development, networking architecture, and technical product management. He is passionate about automation and helping customers increase software development productivity.